A DATA SET is a series of observations collected by the same methodology. Each data set should have documentation sufficient for someone unfamiliar with the research to replicate the study. Data sets may be broken into subsets (data files) that are discrete in space and time, in that order. The documentation for a data set should include all spatial and temporal subdivisions of the data.

(Data, Abstract, Methods, Variables)

NOTES:

• Add rows to tables or lines to paraghaphs as you need them for entering your data.
• Contact emelendez@lternet.edu, if you have any question.

PERSON(S) COMPLETING THIS FORM: E-MAIL ADDRESS:

DATA SET IDENTIFIER: Daily streamflow (Bisley area, 5 stations: Q1, Q2, Q3, Sabana, Puente Roto)

PROJECT TITLE: Meteorology and Hydrology at Bisley

Several meteorological parameters are being measured at Bisley since 1993. Correlations between elevation and stream-runoff and rainfall, elevation and air and soil temperature, and between trhoughfall and vegetation types have been found. These relationships are used inhydrologic and nutrient budgets as well as in environmental models .

Rainfall and Stream-runoff

Long-term rainfall and discharge data from the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF) were analysed to develop relationships between rainfall, stream-runoff, and elevation. These relationships were then used with a Geographic Information System (GIS) to determine spatially-averaged, mean annual hydrologic budgets for watersheds and forest types within the study area. Model estimates indicate that a total of 3864 mm/yy (444 hm3) of rainfall falls on the forest in an average year. The Tabonuco, Colorado, Palm and Dwarf Forest types receive an estimated annual rainfall of 3537, 4191, 4167, and 4849 mm/yy, respectively. Of the average annual rainfall input, 65% (2526 mm/yr) is converted to runoff and the remainding 35% (1338 mm.yr) is lost from the system by evapotranspiration and other abstractions. In comparison to other tropical forests, the LEF as a whole has more evapotranspiration than many tropical montane forests but less evapotranspiration than many lowland tropical forests.

Throughfall
Changes in the quantity and quality of precipitation as it passes through vegetative cover are important components of both hydrologic and nutrient budgets.

Throughfall over any period depends on the balance between precipitation, evaporation and canopy storage (Horton, 1919; Leonard, 1967; Rutter et al., 1972). If the watershed is divided into different vegetation types based on similarity in throughfall and stemflow, the total throughfall over the watershed can be expressed as:

(1) Pg = Sum( T n A n )+ Sum (Sm Dm)

Where Pg = total throughfall reaching the ground, Tn = canopy throughfall from vegetation type n, An = area of vegetation type n, Sm = stemflow from stem type m and Dm = number of stems in type m.

Using eqn. (1) to estimate total watershed throughfall becomes a problem of determining the minimum number of vegetation types necessary to describe the system at the required level of accuracy. In one of our studies, measured throughfall was compared with actual canopy and stem conditions to estimate the percentages of throughfall for different time periods was calculated by weighting the average throughfall and stemflow measured in representative areas of each vegetation type by the total area of that vegetation group.

Measurements reported here were made in two of the Bisley Research Watershed of the U.S. Forest Service. These adjacent watersheds drain 13.0 ha of highly dissected mountainous terrain that range in elevation from 265 to 455 m. Both watersheds are covered by Tabonuco type forests and were selectively logged at various times between 1860 and 1940 (Scatena, 1988).

The dominant tree in the watersheds in the Tabonuco (Dacryodes excelsa) which often comprises as much as 35% of the canopy (Wadsworth, 1970). Structurally the forest has three dominant layers, a discontinuous emergent strata, a continuous upper stratum at 20 m, and an understory layer. Leaves are mesophyllous and often covered with epiphytic growth.

Throughfall

Changes in the quantity and quality of precipitation as it passes through vegetative cover are important components of both hydrologic and nutrient budgets.

Throughfall over any period depends on the balance between precipitation, evaporation and canopy storage (Horton, 1919; Leonard, 1967; Rutter et al. , 1972). If the watershed is divided into different vegetation types based on similarity in throughfall and steamflow, the total throughfall over the watershed can be expressed as:

(1) Pg = Sum( T n A n )+ Sum (Sm Dm)

Where Pg = total throughfall reaching the ground, Tn = canopy throughfall from vegetation type n, An = area of vegetation type n, Sm = stemflow from stem type m and Dm = number of stems in type m.

Using eqn. (1) to estimate total watershed throughfall becomes a problem of determining the minimum number of vegetation types necessary to describe the system at the required level of accuracy. In one of our studies, measured throughfall was compared with actual canopy and stem conditions to estimate the percentages of throughfall for different time periods was calculated by weighting the average throughfall and stemflow measured in representative areas of each vegetation type by the total area of that vegetation group.

Measurements reported here were made in two of the Bisley Research Watershed of the U.S. Forest Service. These adjacent watersheds drain 13.0 ha of highly dissected mountainous terrain that range in elevation from 265 to 455 m. Both watersheds are covered by Tabonuco type forests and were selectively logged at various times between 1860 and 1940 (Scatena, 1988).

The dominant tree in the watersheds in the Tabonuco ( Dacryodes excelsa ) which often comprises as much as 35% of the canopy ( Wadsworth, 1970). Structurally the forest has three dominant layers, a discontinuous emergent strata, a continuous upper stratum at 20 m, and an understory layer. Leaves are mesophyllous and often covered with epiphytic growth.

Air and Soil Temperature

The relationship between mean air temperature and elevation is a required parameter for some environmental models such as Zelig. Mean air and soil temperature measurements of 10 sites located along a windward elevation gradient from 153 to 1011 meters were used to develop relationships between mean air and soil temperature of and elevation. The regressions performed showed a linear relationship between both air and soil mean temperature and elevation. The equations:

(2) Mean Air Temperature (in C) = 26.4 -(0.00558 * elevation in meters) and

(3) Mean Soil Temperature (in C) = 25.6 - (0.00543 * elevation in meters)

best fit these relationships. The equation that best fits the mean soil temperature - elevation relationship includes all the stations. In contrast, the best equation for the mean air temperature - elevation relationship excluded both station located at Sabana.

LTER CORE AREAS: (Annotate all that apply)

LEF LTER 1 RESEARCH TOPIC: (Annotate all that apply)

Environmental monitoring

We define a data file as a component of a data set. A data set can have only one data file or more. Basically, different data files have different data structures or format.
DATA SET FILES (SUBSETS):

Data File No.	Data File Identifier		On-Line Filename		Starting Date		Periodicity of sample	End Period
1	Streamflow data from Bisley Quebrada 1, 2, 3, Sabana, and Puente Roto		Bis_Q-87to2006.txt		January 3, 1987		daily	June 2, 2006
2*	Daily Temperature data from Bisley Quebrada 1, 2, 3		q123temp07-08.txt		January 1, 2007		daily	November 17, 2008
3*	Daily Mean Temperature and Streamflow data from Bisley Quebrada 1, 2, 3		q123day07-08.txt		January 1, 2007		daily	November 17, 2008

*Note: These data are provisional. They are under QA/QC. Pending addition is USGS data.

RESEARCH LOCATION: Located in Quebrada Bisley 1, 2, and 3 and Sabana, and Puente Roto streams within the LEF

INVESTIGATORS:

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS E-MAIL address

Fred Scatena

fscatena@lternet.edu

OTHER RESEARCHERS E-MAIL address

CONTACT PERSONS E-MAIL address Phone Number (Include area code)

Fred Scatena

fscatena@lternet.edu

SOURCE OF FUNDING (SPONSOR): NSF-LTER

DATA SET ABSTRACT: The daily data are summarized to monthly as follows:
Daily average CFS are summed for each month and multiplied by 86400 (seconds per day) to yield cubic feet per month. This value is divided by the particular watershed area and multiplied by another conversion factor to yield cm water equivalent depth discharged by each watershed per month. This allows direct hydrologic comparison of watersheds of different sizes. Time series plots illustrate the biennial periodicity of high and low discharges, and particular floods and droughts. October 1970 was the historic flood for PR, recently exceeded during the passage of Hurricane Hortense in September 1996. The historic drought occurred during 1993-1994 and is clearly visible in these records.

DATA SET METHODS: Refer to USGS Annual Water-Data Reports for details. Browse on the U.S. Geological Survey water-use Web Page for a description of the data elements in the U.S. Geological Survey water-use data files. Visit the USGS  Daily Streamflow for Puerto Rico Web page to download more data and connect to the USGS Global Change Research Program's for further information.

REFERENCES:

CROSS-REFERENCES (other data sets related to this one):

SAMPLE LOCATION: N/A

STORAGE SITES: ITES, Data Manager's File DM-002 , Drawer #1

INVESTIGATOR'S ASSIGNED KEYWORDS: Weather, climate, meteorology, meteorological monitoring, modeling, discharge, streamflow

LEF LTER OFFICIAL KEYWORDS (See table): LEF, HEADWATER STREAM, DISCHARGE, REPORT

PUBLICATIONS:
US Geological Survey, Commonwealth of PR, et. al. several years. Water resources data Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

DISSEMINATION: UNRESTRICTED

REASONS TO RESTRICT DATA IN THIS DATA SET BEYOND ITS TWO YEAR POLICY PERIOD*:

*WILL HAVE TO BE APPROVED BY LTER PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: N. BROKAW, A. LUGO

SITES DESCRIPTIONS: Refer to USGS Annual Water-Data Reports for details. Browse on the USGS Web Page for more details.

Geographical positional system (GPS) Coordinates for each location:

location	latitude	longitude
Bisley Upper Tower	18° 18' 59.056" N	65° 44' 43.110" W
Bisley Lower Tower 2	18° 18' 56.120" N	65° 44' 35.694" W
Bisley Gate	18° 20' 29.186" N	65° 45' 44.668" W
Sabana	18° 19' 52"	65° 43' 52"
Puente Roto	18° 19' 46"	65° 45' 04"

VARIABLES (ATTRIBUTES):

VARIABLES (ATTRIBUTES):

FILE NAME OR #ABOVE (all in which the variable appears)	1, 3	1	1	1	1
ABBREVIATION (as it appears on the data file)	Q1	Q2	Q3	avgq1q2	Q123
NAME OF VARIABLE	Quebrada Bisley 1 Streamflow	Quebrada Bisley 2 Streamflow	Quebrada Bisley 3 Streamflow	Streamflow average of Q1 and Q2	Streamflow average of Q1, Q2 and Q3
DEFINITION OF VARIABLE	is the volume of water flowing past a given point in the Bisley Q 1 stream in a given period of time. Streamflow is reported as millimeters per day.	is the volume of water flowing past a given point in the Bisley Q 2 stream in a given period of time. Streamflow is reported as millimeters per day.	is the volume of water flowing past a given point in the Bisley Q 3 stream in a given period of time. Streamflow is reported as millimeters per day.	is the average volume of water flowing past a given point in the Bisley Q 1 and Q 2 streams in a given period of time. Streamflow is reported as millimeters per day.	is the average volume of water flowing past a given point in the Bisley Q 1, Q 2 and Q 3 streams in a given period of time. Streamflow is reported as millimeters per day.
UNIT	millimeters Per Day	millimeters Per Day	millimeters Per Day	millimeters Per Day	millimeters Per Day
PRECISION
RANGE OR LIST OF VALUES
DATA TYPE	decimal	decimal	decimal	decimal	decimal
MISSING DATA CODES

VARIABLES (ATTRIBUTES):

VARIABLES (ATTRIBUTES):

COMPUTATIONAL METHODS:

FOR DATA MANAGER USE ONLY

DATE OF LAST REVIEW: April 14, 2009
DATE OF LAST ENTRY:
STAGE OF DATA SET MANAGEMENT (dates):
RECEIVED: 10/1/96
CATALOGUED: 10/1/96
ON-LINE: 11/15/96
REVIEWED BY RESEARCHER: 11/18/96
FILING MEDIA:
NAME OF DOCUMENTATION FILE: USGSTREA.*
NAME OF DATA FILE: I. #####CFS.TXT, II. #####CM.TXT
NAME OF ON - LINE CATALOG: LTERDBAS RECORD # : 156
DOCUMENT TYPE: data set (magnetic media)
PRIORITY TO BE ENTERED: N/A 

Rev. date of this form: 8 June 2001